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International Journal of Infectious... Jan 2020Antibiotic use drives the development and spread of resistant bacterial infections. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a prolific global issue, due to significant... (Review)
Review
DRIVERS OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
Antibiotic use drives the development and spread of resistant bacterial infections. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a prolific global issue, due to significant increases in antibiotic use in humans, livestock and agriculture, inappropriate use (under-dosing and over-prescribing), and misuse of antibiotics (for viral infections where they are ineffective). Fewer new antibiotics are being developed.
THE PROBLEM OF AMR
AMR is now considered a key threat to global health, leading to more mortality and increased healthcare costs threatening future conduct of routine medical procedures. Traditional approaches to address AMR include antibiotic stewardship, better hygiene/infection control, promoting antibiotic research and development, and restricting use for agricultural purposes.
VACCINES AS A TOOL TO REDUCE AMR
While antibiotic development is declining, vaccine technology is growing. This review shows how vaccines can decrease AMR by preventing bacterial and viral infections, thereby reducing the use/misuse of antibiotics, and by preventing antibiotic-resistant infections. Vaccines are less likely to induce resistance. Some future uses and developments of vaccines are also discussed.
CONCLUSIONS
Vaccines, along with other approaches, can help reduce AMR by preventing (resistant) infections and reducing antibiotic use. Industry and governments must focus on the development of novel vaccines and drugs against resistant infections to successfully reduce AMR. A graphical abstract is available online.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Vaccines; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Inappropriate Prescribing
PubMed: 31622674
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.10.005 -
MSphere 2018Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been utilized since the 1990s for therapeutic heterologous gene expression. The ability of LAB to elicit an immune response against... (Review)
Review
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been utilized since the 1990s for therapeutic heterologous gene expression. The ability of LAB to elicit an immune response against expressed foreign antigens has led to their exploration as potential mucosal vaccine candidates. LAB vaccine vectors offer many attractive advantages: simple, noninvasive administration (usually oral or intranasal), the acceptance and stability of genetic modifications, relatively low cost, and the highest level of safety possible. Experimentation using LAB of the genus has become popular in recent years due to their ability to elicit strong systemic and mucosal immune responses. This article reviews vaccine constructs, including species, antigen expression, model organisms, and immune responses, with a primary focus on viral and bacterial antigens.
Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Administration, Oral; Antigens, Bacterial; Antigens, Viral; Bacterial Vaccines; Drug Carriers; Humans; Lactobacillus; Vaccines, Synthetic
PubMed: 29769376
DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00061-18 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2018The ongoing, and very serious, threat from antimicrobial resistance necessitates the development and use of preventative measures, predominantly vaccination.... (Review)
Review
The ongoing, and very serious, threat from antimicrobial resistance necessitates the development and use of preventative measures, predominantly vaccination. Polysaccharide-based vaccines have provided a degree of success in limiting morbidity from disseminated bacterial infections, including those caused by the major human obligate pathogens, , and . Limitations of these polysaccharide vaccines, such as partial coverage and induced escape leading to persistence of disease, provide a compelling argument for the development of protein vaccines. In this review, we briefly chronicle approaches that have yielded licensed vaccines before highlighting reverse vaccinology 2.0 and its potential application in the discovery of novel bacterial protein vaccine candidates. Technical challenges and research gaps are also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Vaccines; Humans; Vaccinology
PubMed: 30349542
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02315 -
Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences May 2014Spread of antibiotic resistance is mediated by clonal lineages of bacteria that besides being resistant also possess other properties promoting their success. Some... (Review)
Review
Spread of antibiotic resistance is mediated by clonal lineages of bacteria that besides being resistant also possess other properties promoting their success. Some vaccines already in use, such as the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, have had an effect on these successful clones, but at the same time have allowed for the expansion and resistance evolution of previously minor clones not covered by the vaccine. Since resistance frequently is horizontally transferred it will be difficult to generate a vaccine that covers all possible genetic lineages prone to develop resistance unless the vaccine target(s) is absolutely necessary for spread and/or disease development. Targeting the resistance mechanism itself by a vaccine is an interesting but hitherto unexplored approach.
Topics: Bacterial Vaccines; Drug Resistance, Microbial
PubMed: 24694025
DOI: 10.3109/03009734.2014.903324 -
Journal of Biomedical Science Jan 2020Glycoconjugate vaccines based on bacterial capsular polysaccharides (CPS) have been extremely successful in preventing bacterial infections. The glycan antigens for the... (Review)
Review
Glycoconjugate vaccines based on bacterial capsular polysaccharides (CPS) have been extremely successful in preventing bacterial infections. The glycan antigens for the preparation of CPS based glycoconjugate vaccines are mainly obtained from bacterial fermentation, the quality and length of glycans are always inconsistent. Such kind of situation make the CMC of glycoconjugate vaccines are difficult to well control. Thanks to the advantage of synthetic methods for carbohydrates syntheses. The well controlled glycan antigens are more easily to obtain, and them are conjugated to carrier protein to from the so-call homogeneous fully synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines. Several fully glycoconjugate vaccines are in different phases of clinical trial for bacteria or cancers. The review will introduce the recent development of fully synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine.
Topics: Antigens; Bacterial Capsules; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Vaccines; Carbohydrates; Glycoconjugates; Humans; Polysaccharides; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Vaccines, Conjugate; Vaccines, Synthetic
PubMed: 31900143
DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0591-0 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... 2014Genetically attenuated microorganisms, pathogens, and some commensal bacteria can be engineered to deliver recombinant heterologous antigens to stimulate the host immune... (Review)
Review
Genetically attenuated microorganisms, pathogens, and some commensal bacteria can be engineered to deliver recombinant heterologous antigens to stimulate the host immune system, while still offering good levels of safety. A key feature of these live vectors is their capacity to stimulate mucosal as well as humoral and/or cellular systemic immunity. This enables the use of different forms of vaccination to prevent pathogen colonization of mucosal tissues, the front door for many infectious agents. Furthermore, delivery of DNA vaccines and immune system stimulatory molecules, such as cytokines, can be achieved using these special carriers, whose adjuvant properties and, sometimes, invasive capacities enhance the immune response. More recently, the unique features and versatility of these vectors have also been exploited to develop anti-cancer vaccines, where tumor-associated antigens, cytokines, and DNA or RNA molecules are delivered. Different strategies and genetic tools are constantly being developed, increasing the antigenic potential of agents delivered by these systems, opening fresh perspectives for the deployment of vehicles for new purposes. Here we summarize the main characteristics of the different types of live bacterial vectors and discuss new applications of these delivery systems in the field of vaccinology.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Vaccines; Drug Carriers; Humans; Neoplasms; Organisms, Genetically Modified; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 25763014
DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000400001 -
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology : CVI Apr 2017Attempts to produce a vaccine to protect against -induced trachoma were initiated more than 100 years ago and continued for several decades. Using whole organisms,... (Review)
Review
Attempts to produce a vaccine to protect against -induced trachoma were initiated more than 100 years ago and continued for several decades. Using whole organisms, protective responses were obtained. However, upon exposure to , disease exacerbation developed in some immunized individuals, precluding the implementation of the vaccine. Evidence of the role of as a sexually transmitted pathogen started to emerge in the 1960s, and it soon became evident that it can cause acute infections and long-term sequelae in women, men, and newborns. The main focus of this minireview is to summarize recent findings and discuss formulations, including antigens, adjuvants, routes, and delivery systems for immunization, primarily explored in the female mouse model, with the goal of implementing a vaccine against genital infections.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Discovery; Humans
PubMed: 28228394
DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00543-16 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2015Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of global childhood mortality and morbidity. Several recent epidemiological studies highlight the rate of diarrheal diseases in... (Review)
Review
Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of global childhood mortality and morbidity. Several recent epidemiological studies highlight the rate of diarrheal diseases in different parts of the world and draw attention to the impact on childhood growth and survival. Despite the well-documented global burden of diarrheal diseases, currently there are no combination diarrheal vaccines, only licensed vaccines for rotavirus and cholera, and Salmonella typhi-based vaccines for typhoid fever. The recognition of the impact of diarrheal episodes on infant growth, as seen in resource-poor countries, has spurred action from governmental and non-governmental agencies to accelerate research toward affordable and effective vaccines against diarrheal diseases. Both travelers and children in endemic countries will benefit from a combination diarrheal vaccine, but it can be argued that the greater proportion of any positive impact will be on the public health status of the latter. The history of combination pediatric vaccines indicate that monovalent or single disease vaccines are typically licensed first prior to formulation in a combination vaccine, and that the combinations themselves undergo periodic revision in response to need for improvement in safety or potential for wider coverage of important pediatric pathogens. Nevertheless combination pediatric vaccines have proven to be an effective tool in limiting or eradicating communicable childhood diseases worldwide. The landscape of diarrheal vaccine candidates indicates that there now several in active development that offer options for potential testing of combinations to combat those bacterial and viral pathogens responsible for the heaviest disease burden-rotavirus, ETEC, Shigella, Campylobacter, V. cholera and Salmonella.
Topics: Bacterial Vaccines; Campylobacter; Diarrhea; Global Health; Humans; Rotavirus; Salmonella typhi; Shigella; Vaccines, Combined; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 25891647
DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.986984 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Immunotherapy has been emerging as a powerful strategy for cancer management. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that bacteria-based immunotherapy... (Review)
Review
Immunotherapy has been emerging as a powerful strategy for cancer management. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that bacteria-based immunotherapy including naive bacteria, bacterial components, and bacterial derivatives, can modulate immune response various cellular and molecular pathways. The key mechanisms of bacterial antitumor immunity include inducing immune cells to kill tumor cells directly or reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Currently, bacterial antigens synthesized as vaccine candidates by bioengineering technology are novel antitumor immunotherapy. Especially the combination therapy of bacterial vaccine with conventional therapies may further achieve enhanced therapeutic benefits against cancers. However, the clinical translation of bacteria-based immunotherapy is limited for biosafety concerns and non-uniform production standards. In this review, we aim to summarize immunotherapy strategies based on advanced bacterial therapeutics and discuss their potential for cancer management, we will also propose approaches for optimizing bacteria-based immunotherapy for facilitating clinical translation.
Topics: Humans; Immunotherapy; Bacteria; Neoplasms; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Vaccines; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37600773
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1140463 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Apr 2017Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of preventable blindness and the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection. Remarkable progress in vaccine research... (Review)
Review
Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading cause of preventable blindness and the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection. Remarkable progress in vaccine research over the past six decades has led to the advancement of novel C. trachomatis vaccine candidates into clinical trials. However, many questions regarding the role of specific cellular populations and molecular mechanisms in protective immunity against human C. trachomatis genital tract infections remain unanswered. Biomarkers of vaccine induced protective immunity are elusive in humans, while a cautionary message on the translatability of data obtained from current animal models has emanated from vaccine research and development efforts against other important human pathogens. In this commentary, we highlight recent advances in Chlamydia vaccine development and discuss their implications in the context of a rational approach to the design of a human C. trachomatis vaccine.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Drug Design; Humans
PubMed: 27835064
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1252886